Goldman Fristoe Test Of Articulation Pictures
The GFTA-2 relies on four main principles of reliability, they are: internal reliability, standard errors of measurement, test-retest reliability, and interrater reliability. Internal reliability explains the internal consistency of the test items; high internal reliability suggests that the testing items are all measuring the same type of content.
Standard errors of measurement represents the perception of a client's test score. These measurements provide an account of influences on the examinee that could affect the client's results; such as fatigue, practice, or boredom. Test-retest reliability addresses how much a client's normative scores might alter given the opportunity for retesting after a significant period of time. Changes in the scores could be a result of an individual's growth or abilities of being measured, etc. Interrater reliability describes the examiner's ability to judge each sound production as correct or incorrect. The GFTA-2 manual explains the percentage of agreement between two different examiners and the scores yielded for their examinees; the examiners were in 90 percent or greater agreement. Examiners preparing to administer to GFTA-2 should review the manual and practice rehearsing the directions and prompts given to examinees in each test.
The testing environment should be relatively quiet and well-lit with appropriate seating and a desk for the examiner to prop up the easel. The response form should be placed behind easel facing away from the examinee.
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Recording the client's identifying information and calculation of chronological age should also be completed before beginning the assessment. The response form was designed to be able to compare the three test scores at once; each having a separate column and sections for initial, medial, and final productions in the grid form. Each row corresponds with the 39 consonant sounds or clusters tested on the GFTA-2.
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Goldman-fristoe Test Of Articulation Standard Scores
For example, the Sounds-in-words section is scored by recording the articulation errors by editing or marking IPA transcription of the target words and then go over to the recording grid and the session is completed and note the information on the grid. So if the client produced the sound correctly, the examiner would transcribe the correct IPA symbol during the session, and then after the test is completed, return to the grid and mark the grid space for the sound as blank or a check mark; errors would be represented as X's and omissions require a diagonal line through the grid cell. These scores are then used to determine raw scores (or total number or errors). The examiner would count the total number of articulation errors and record the raw score on the front right cover of the response form in the appropriate box for Sounds-in-words score summary. For the next step, examiners will need to convert raw scores to standard scores. The examiner will need to use table B.1 in Appendix B and locate the section that corresponds with the client's chronological age. The table provides standard scores at the age intervals.
Next, choose the appropriate gender column for the examinee. The standard score can be found in the Raw Score column on the left of the client's raw score; read across the Standard Score column for male or female. Finally, with the scores obtained transfer the standard score to the Standard Score box in the Sounds-in-words summary section of the response form. By definition of the GFTA-2, a standard score indicates the distance of an individual's raw score from the average. A standard score of 100 is average for a person's age, so scores higher than 100 are above average and those lower are below average.
The standard deviation for standard scores of the GFTA-2 is 15. However, it should be noted that articulation abilities are not normally determined in the same way as intelligence or vocabulary knowledge because the errors can be greatly skewed between participants.